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The ImageIO library, as detailed in a previous Project Zero blogpost, is used to guess the correct format of the source file and parse it, completely ignoring the file extension. gif, that doesn't mean it's really a GIF file. And just because the source filename has to end in. Under the hood it uses the CoreGraphics APIs to render the source image to a new GIF file at the destination path. Looking at the selector name, the intention here was probably to just copy the GIF file before editing the loop count field, but the semantics of this method are different. Apple wanted to make those GIFs loop endlessly rather than only play once, so very early on in the iMessage parsing and processing pipeline (after a message has been received but well before the message is shown), iMessage calls the following method in the IMTranscoderAgent process (outside the "BlastDoor" sandbox), passing any image file received with the extension.
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You can send and receive GIFs in iMessage chats and they show up in the chat window. IMessage has native support for GIF images, the typically small and low quality animated images popular in meme culture. This means that a victim can be targeted just using their phone number or AppleID username. The initial entry point for Pegasus on iPhone is iMessage. Short of not using a device, t here is no way to prevent exploitation by a zero-click exploit it's a weapon against which there is no defense. Meaning, t he attacker doesn't need to send phishing messages the exploit just works silently in the background. In the zero-click scenario no user interaction is required. Recently, however, it has been documented that NSO is offering their clients zero-click exploitation technology, where even very technically savvy targets who might not click a phishing link are completely unaware they are being targeted.
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The target was only hacked when they clicked the link, a technique known as a one-click exploit. Screenshots of Phishing SMSs reported to Citizen Lab in 2016 In previous cases such as the Million Dollar Dissident from 2016, targets were sent links in SMS messages:
IMESSAGE ON MAC TO PDF ANDROID
We are aware that NSO sells similar zero-click capabilities which target Android devices Project Zero does not have samples of these exploits but if you do, please reach out. Last month the United States added NSO to the "Entity List", severely restricting the ability of US companies to do business with NSO and stating in a press release that " enabled foreign governments to conduct transnational repression, which is the practice of authoritarian governments targeting dissidents, journalists and activists outside of their sovereign borders to silence dissent."Ĭitizen Lab was able to recover these Pegasus exploits from an iPhone and therefore this analysis covers NSO's capabilities against iPhone. Despite NSO's claims that they " the potential for adverse human rights impacts arising from the misuse of NSO products " Pegasus has been linked to the hacking of the New York Times journalist Ben Hubbard by the Saudi regime, hacking of human rights defenders in Morocco and Bahrain, the targeting of Amnesty International staff and dozens of other cases. NSO Group is one of the highest-profile providers of "access-as-a-service", selling packaged hacking solutions which enable nation state actors without a home-grown offensive cyber capability to "pay-to-play", vastly expanding the number of nations with such cyber capabilities.įor years, groups like Citizen Lab and Amnesty International have been tracking the use of NSO's mobile spyware package "Pegasus". The vulnerability discussed in this blog post was fixed on Septemin iOS 14.8 as CVE-2021-30860.
IMESSAGE ON MAC TO PDF SERIES
In this two-part blog post series we will describe for the first time how an in-the-wild zero-click iMessage exploit works.īased on our research and findings, we assess this to be one of the most technically sophisticated exploits we've ever seen, further demonstrating that the capabilities NSO provides rival those previously thought to be accessible to only a handful of nation states. The editorial opinions reflected below are solely Project Zero’s and do not necessarily reflect those of the organizations we collaborated with during this research.Įarlier this year, Citizen Lab managed to capture an NSO iMessage-based zero-click exploit being used to target a Saudi activist.
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We want to thank Citizen Lab for sharing a sample of the FORCEDENTRY exploit with us, and Apple’s Security Engineering and Architecture (SEAR) group for collaborating with us on the technical analysis. Posted by Ian Beer & Samuel Groß of Google Project Zero